ADVANCED NABTEB GCE 2023 BRICKLAYING/BLOCKLAYING & CONCRETING ANSWERS

(ii) Instrumental Error: This error is associated with the precision and calibration of the measuring instrument. If the instrument is not calibrated correctly or if it has inherent inaccuracies, it can introduce errors into the measurements.

(iii) Human Error: Mistakes made by the person taking measurements can lead to errors. This can include misreading the scale, not aligning the instrument properly, or inaccurately recording the measurement.

(1b)
When considering a line on a graph, the slope is defined as the change in the vertical direction divided by the change in the horizontal direction. This ratio represents how much the dependent variable (usually the y-axis) changes for every unit change in the independent variable (usually the x-axis).

In terms of distance, if we have a sloped line on a map or a coordinate plane, its slope can impact the actual distance between two points. The steeper the slope, the greater the distance covered between the two points. Conversely, a flatter slope corresponds to a smaller distance.

For height measurements, the slope can determine the elevation change between two points. A steep slope indicates a significant change in height over a short distance, while a gentle slope suggests a gradual change in elevation.

In the case of length or width measurements, the slope can affect the dimensions. For example, if you measure the length of a ramp with a certain slope, a steeper slope will result in a longer measured distance, while a shallower slope will yield a shorter measurement.

It’s important to note that the units of measurement must be consistent for accurate interpretations of slope and linear measurements. Additionally, in real-world scenarios, other factors such as topography, terrain, and surface characteristics can also influence linear measurements.

In summary, the slope of a line can impact linear measurements by affecting the distances, heights, lengths, and elevations between points.
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(2)
(i) Survey the site: Prior to setting out the heading, conduct a survey of the site to gather relevant information. This may include understanding the site plan, examining any existing structures or utilities around the excavation area, and identifying any potential hazards.

(ii) Determine alignment and dimensions: Based on the required alignment and dimensions specified in the construction plans or regulations, mark the starting and ending points of the trench. This can be done using pegs, stakes, or other markers.

(iii) Strap the reference line: Establish a reference line, also known as a baseline, along the proposed direction of the trench. This line acts as a guide for excavation activities. Secure a string or tape tightly between two sturdy reference points, such as two pegs, located outside the trench boundaries.

(iv) Measure and mark offsets: Use measuring tapes or total stations to mark the required offsets from the reference line. These offsets represent the dimensions of the trench, such as width, depth, or any other specifications. Mark these points along the reference line at regular intervals.

(v) Set up batter boards: Install batter boards at the corners of the trench to provide a stable reference point for the excavation. Batter boards are temporary structures that have plumb lines attached to indicate the exact position of the trench boundaries.

(vi) Verify alignment and levels: Use a level or a laser level to ensure that the batter boards and the trench alignment are vertical and in the correct position. Adjust the batter boards as necessary to achieve the desired alignment and levels.

(vii) Transfer heading marks to the ground: From the marked reference points and offsets along the reference line, transfer the measurements onto the ground using spray paint, chalk, or other suitable marking tools. This will create a clear outline of the trench boundaries.

(viii) Cross-check and double-check: After marking the trench boundaries on the ground, cross-check the alignment and dimensions against the construction plans or specifications to ensure accuracy. Make any adjustments if needed.

(ix) Begin excavation: With the heading set out, excavation can commence along the marked trench boundaries. Continue to monitor the alignment and dimensions throughout the excavation process.
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(3)
(i) Thermal Insulation: Cavity walls provide better thermal insulation compared to solid walls. The air gap between the inner and outer leaves acts as an additional barrier, reducing heat transfer through the wall.

(ii) Moisture Control: The cavity allows for better drainage and ventilation, reducing the risk of moisture penetration and dampness. This contributes to the longevity of the wall and helps prevent issues such as mold growth.

(iii) Sound Insulation: Cavity walls can offer improved sound insulation compared to solid walls. The air gap acts as a buffer, reducing the transmission of sound from one side of the wall to the other.

(iv) Structural Stability: Cavity walls often provide better structural stability and resistance to cracking. The separation of the inner and outer leaves can help distribute loads more effectively.

(v) Flexibility in Construction: Cavity walls allow for flexibility in incorporating different materials in the inner and outer leaves, optimizing the wall for both structural and insulation purposes.
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(4)

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(5)
(i) Load: The type and magnitude of the load that the formwork will be subjected to, such as the weight of concrete, construction equipment, and workers, will determine the strength and stability requirements of the formwork design.

(ii) Concrete mix: The properties of the concrete mix, including its consistency, workability, and curing time, will influence the design of formwork. The formwork needs to be able to support the weight of the concrete and maintain its shape until it sets.

(iii) Construction schedule: The time available for formwork assembly, concrete pouring, and formwork removal affects the design. Fast-paced projects may require formwork systems that can be easily assembled, disassembled, and reused, while longer construction schedules may allow for more traditional formwork methods.

(iv) Architectural requirements: The desired shape, size, and finish of the concrete structure will impact the formwork design. Complex architectural designs may necessitate custom formwork systems or the use of special formwork materials to achieve the desired result.
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(6)
(i) Reduced Sound Insulation
(ii) Limited Refinishing Options
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(7i)
SMOOTH FINISH:

(i) Surface preparation: Begin by prepping the wall surface. Remove any loose paint, dirt, or debris. Repair any cracks or holes with an appropriate filler and sand the surface to ensure it is smooth and even.

(ii) Primer application: Apply a coat of primer to the wall. This helps to seal the surface and provides a good base for the rendering material to adhere to.

(iii) Mixing the rendering material: Depending on the type of smooth finish you want to achieve, prepare the rendering material accordingly. Common options include plaster, joint compound, or specialized smoothing compounds.

(iv) Application of the render: Start by applying a thin layer of the rendering material onto the wall using a trowel or a similar tool. Spread it evenly across the surface, taking care to avoid any air bubbles or uneven patches.

(v) Smoothing the surface: Once the initial layer is applied, use a trowel, spatula, or a smoothing tool to flatten and smooth the rendering material. Work in small sections, ensuring an even and consistent surface.

(vi) Drying and curing: Allow the first layer to dry completely as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Typically, this can take a few hours to a day depending on the rendering material used.

(vii) Additional layers and sanding: Depending on the desired smoothness, you may need to apply additional layers of the rendering material, repeating the smoothing process between each layer. After the final layer, sand the surface lightly to achieve a perfectly smooth finish.

(7ii)
SCRAPED FINISH:

(i) Surface preparation: Prepare the wall surface by cleaning it thoroughly, removing any loose paint, dirt, or debris. Repair any cracks or holes and ensure the surface is even and smooth.

(ii) Primer application: Apply a coat of primer on the wall to seal the surface and provide a good base for the rendering material.

(iii) Mixing the rendering material: Prepare the rendering material according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Typically, for a scraped finish, a textured compound or stucco mix is used.

(iv) Application of the render: Apply the rendering material to the wall using a trowel or a similar tool. Spread an even layer across the surface, leaving the desired texture. You can manipulate the texture by applying different techniques like swirls, lines, or patterns.

(v) Scraping: Once the rendering material starts to set but is still slightly wet, use a scraping tool (such as a trowel or scraper) to create the desired finish. Gently scrape the surface in a consistent motion, removing excess material and revealing the textured pattern.

(vi) Cleaning and finishing: Clean any excess material from the surrounding areas and smooth out any imperfections. Allow the rendering material to dry completely as per the manufacturer’s instructions.

(vii) Optional sealing and painting: Depending on the material used, you may choose to seal the scraped finish to protect it from moisture. Additionally, you can paint over the scraped finish to enhance its appearance and durability.
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(8a)
(i) Aluminum
(ii) Glass
(iii) Fiber cement
(iv) Composite Materials

(8b)
(i) Curtain walls allow for a wide range of design possibilities, contributing to the aesthetic appeal of a building.

(ii) Curtain walls can be designed to enhance energy efficiency.
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(9)
(i) A good insulating material should have low thermal conductivity.

(ii) Insulating materials should possess high electrical resistance to prevent the flow of electric current.

(iii) Insulating materials need to have sufficient mechanical strength to withstand handling, installation, and environmental conditions.

(iv) Insulating materials should be resistant to chemical degradation and environmental factors
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(10)
(i) Bituminous Materials:
Bituminous materials, such as bitumen or asphalt-based products, are commonly used for damp-proofing. Bituminous coatings and membranes are applied to foundations and walls to create a barrier that prevents the penetration of moisture.

(ii) Polyethylene Sheeting:
Polyethylene sheeting, often in the form of plastic membranes, is used as a damp-proofing material. These sheets are applied to foundation walls to create a barrier against water vapor and moisture infiltration. They are especially effective in preventing moisture from the ground.

(iii) Cementitious Coatings:
Cementitious damp-proofing coatings are formulated with cement-based materials that create a waterproof barrier when applied to surfaces. These coatings can be used on foundations and walls to protect against the ingress of moisture.

(iv) Liquid Membranes:
Liquid membrane damp-proofing materials are applied as a liquid that forms a continuous, seamless membrane when cured. These materials are often polymer-based and provide effective protection against water penetration. Liquid membranes can be sprayed or applied as a brush-on coating.
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(11a)
(i) Oversite Concrete:
Oversite concrete refers to the layer of concrete that is laid over the compacted hardcore or other suitable sub-base to provide a smooth and even surface for constructing the floor of a building. It serves as a foundation for the flooring material (e.g., tiles, wood, or carpet) and helps to create a level and stable base for the structure.

(ii) Datum Level:
Datum level, also known as the reference level or benchmark, is a fixed point or surface used as a base elevation from which other levels and measurements are taken. It serves as a reference point for establishing the heights or depths of various elements in a construction project. Datum levels are crucial for ensuring consistency and accuracy in vertical measurements.

(iii) Plumbing:
In the context of construction, plumbing refers to the alignment or positioning of a structure, component, or element in a vertical and straight orientation. It ensures that walls, columns, or other structural elements are upright and not leaning or tilting. Plumbed structures contribute to the overall stability and aesthetics of a building.

(iv) Leveling:
Leveling is a surveying and construction technique used to determine the relative heights or elevations of different points on the Earth’s surface. It involves the use of leveling instruments, such as a level or a theodolite, to establish horizontal lines and measure vertical distances. Leveling is essential for creating level surfaces, aligning structures, and ensuring the proper drainage of fluids.

(11b)
(i) Durability: Steel measuring chains are generally more durable than metallic linen tapes. Steel is resistant to wear, tear, and corrosion, making it suitable for use in various weather conditions and challenging environments. Linen tapes may wear out more quickly, especially in harsh conditions.

(ii) Accuracy: Steel measuring chains tend to provide more accurate measurements compared to metallic linen tapes. Steel has less stretch or deformation under tension, resulting in more reliable and consistent measurements. Linen tapes may stretch over time, leading to inaccuracies in measurements.

(iii) Longevity: Steel measuring chains have a longer lifespan than metallic linen tapes. They are less prone to damage and degradation, ensuring that they can be used for an extended period without a significant loss of accuracy. Linen tapes may be more susceptible to damage, affecting their longevity.

(iv) Versatility: Steel measuring chains are versatile and can be used in a variety of surveying and measurement applications. They are suitable for both short and long-distance measurements. Linen tapes may have limitations in terms of length and may not be as versatile in certain situations.
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(12a)
Draw the diagram

(12b)
Draw the diagram

(12c)
Draw the diagram

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(13a)
(i) Strength and Stability:
Formwork must be structurally sound and possess the strength and stability to support the weight of fresh concrete and any additional loads, such as construction workers and equipment.

(ii) Durability and Reusability:
Formwork materials should be durable enough to withstand multiple uses without significant degradation.

(iii) Waterproofing:
Formwork should be resistant to water to prevent the absorption of moisture from fresh concrete, which can affect the curing process and lead to surface defects.

(iv) Ease of Installation and Removal:
Formwork systems should be designed for easy and efficient installation as well as removal.

(13bi)
CEMENT:
(i) Setting time test: This test measures the time it takes for cement to set and harden. It helps determine if the cement meets the required setting time specifications.

(ii) Consistency test: This test assesses the consistency or workability of the cement paste. It involves measuring the amount of water required to achieve a standard consistency, which can indicate the quality of the cement.

(13bii)
SAND:
(i) Sieve analysis: This test involves passing the sand through a series of sieves with different mesh sizes. It helps determine the particle size distribution of the sand, which can affect its suitability for various applications.

(ii) Moisture content test: This test measures the amount of moisture present in the sand. It is important to ensure that the sand is neither too wet nor too dry, as this can affect the workability and strength of the concrete.
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(14a)
In reinforced concrete, the steel reinforcement is passive and only begins to resist tensile forces once cracking occurs. In contrast, prestressed concrete introduces internal stresses in the reinforcement prior to loading, allowing it to actively counteract the tensile forces.

(14b)
(i) Pre-tensioning:
Pre-tensioning is a method of prestressing concrete where the steel reinforcement, typically in the form of high-strength steel wires or strands, is tensioned before placing the concrete. The tension in the reinforcement is achieved by stressing the steel wires or strands using hydraulic jacks or other suitable mechanisms. Once the steel is tensioned, it is anchored to the formwork, and concrete is cast around it. As the concrete sets and hardens, it firmly bonds with the tensioned steel reinforcement. After the concrete gains sufficient strength, the tension is released from the steel, which enables it to transfer the compressive forces to the concrete, resulting in a prestressed structure.

(ii) Post-tensioning:
Post-tensioning is another method of prestressing concrete, but it differs from pre-tensioning in terms of when the steel reinforcement is tensioned. In post-tensioning, the steel tendons or cables are not tensioned until after the concrete has hardened. Ducts or sleeves are provided in the concrete during the casting, and the tendons are passed through these ducts. Once the concrete has sufficiently hardened, the tendons are tensioned using hydraulic jacks. The tension is then locked in place by anchorages, and the tendons transfer the compressive forces to the hardened concrete. Post-tensioning allows for flexibility in adjusting the prestressing force, providing a more versatile method for accommodating variations in construction and design requirements.
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(17ai)
PAINT:

(i) Pigment: Paint contains pigments, which are finely ground particles that provide color and opacity. They determine the visual appearance of the paint once it dries.

(ii) Binder: The binder acts as the film-forming component in paint. It holds the pigment particles together and allows them to adhere to the surface. Common binders include acrylic, latex, alkyd, oil, or epoxy.

(iii) Vehicle: The vehicle is the liquid portion of paint that carries the pigment and binder. It provides the paint with the desired consistency for application. The choice of vehicle affects the drying time, durability, and ease of application of the paint.

(iv) Additives: Paint can contain various additives to enhance its properties, such as thickeners to adjust viscosity, drying agents to speed up drying, anti-settling agents to prevent pigment settling, and UV inhibitors to protect against fading.

(v) Durability: Paint should provide a durable and long-lasting finish. Its resistance to wear, weathering, and chemicals depends on the type of binder used, additives incorporated, and the application method.

(vi) Coverage: Paint should offer good coverage to hide the underlying surface and provide an even color. The opacity of paint is determined by the composition and concentration of pigments.

(vii) Gloss/sheen: Paint can have different levels of sheen, ranging from flat (no sheen) to high gloss. The sheen affects the appearance of the painted surface and can also influence durability and cleanability.

(viii) Application: Paint can be applied using various techniques such as brushing, rolling, or spraying. The consistency of the paint, as well as the application method, affects the evenness and quality of the finish.

(17aii)
VARNISH:

(i) Protection: Varnish forms a durable protective layer over the surface it is applied to, shielding it from scratches, moisture, UV radiation, and general wear and tear. It helps extend the lifespan of the material.

(ii) Gloss and Clarity: Varnish can provide a glossy finish that enhances the natural beauty of the surface. It can also be available in different levels of sheen, allowing for a desired aesthetic appearance.

(iii) Transparency: Varnish is usually transparent or semi-transparent, allowing the underlying surface to show through. This property is particularly desirable when preserving the natural grain or color of wood.

(iv) Hardness: Varnish should dry to a hard and durable finish to withstand impacts and resist scratches. It provides a protective barrier that can withstand repeated use and cleaning.

(v) Drying Time: Varnish has a specific drying time, during which it becomes tack-free and cures fully to form a hard surface. The drying time varies based on the type of varnish and environmental conditions.

(vi) Application: Varnish can be applied using various methods such as brushing, spraying, or dipping. It is important to ensure proper application techniques to achieve an even and smooth finish.

(vii) Compatibility: Varnish should be compatible with the material it is applied to. Different varnishes are formulated for specific surfaces such as wood, metal, or concrete. Using the appropriate varnish ensures proper adhesion and compatibility with the substrate.

(viii) Maintenance: Varnished surfaces may require periodic maintenance to retain their appearance and protective properties. This can involve cleaning, reapplication, or refinishing, depending on the specific varnish and conditions of use.

(17bi)
CRAZING:

(i) Incompatibility of Coatings:
Crazing can occur when incompatible coatings are applied over each other. For example, applying a new coat of paint that is not compatible with the existing paint or primer may lead to crazing.

(ii) Excessive Thickness:
Applying paint in excessively thick layers can result in crazing. As the paint dries, the outer layer may dry faster than the inner layers, causing stress and leading to the formation of fine cracks.

(17bii)
PEELING:

(i) Poor Surface Preparation:
Inadequate surface preparation, such as failure to remove dirt, grease, or loose old paint before applying a new coat, can lead to poor adhesion. This can result in peeling as the new paint layer does not bond properly with the substrate.