NECO 2023 INSURANCE ESSAY AND OBJ ANSWERS

(1b)
(i)Pure Risks: Pure risks are risks that involve only the possibility of loss or no loss, there is no chance of any gain occurring from pure risks. Such risks include situations such as accidents, natural disasters, and sudden illnesses. Pure risks are generally insurable.

(ii)Speculative Risks: Speculative risks are those risks associated with investment choices that have both the potential for profit or gain and the potential for loss. Speculative risks are not generally insurable because the outcome may be either beneficial or detrimental.

(iii)Particular Risks: Particular risks are risks that are unique to a specific individual or organization, and they are not faced by the general public. These risks are not insurable in the traditional sense, but they can be managed through specialized risk management techniques such as self-insurance, risk retention or hedging. Examples of particular risks include reputation risks, credit risks, and political risks.

(1c)
Tabulate
Insurance Risk
(i) Can be quantified and measured
(ii) Involves a known probability of loss
(iii)Is insurable through a third party insurer

Uninsurable Risk
(i)Cannot be quantified or measured
(ii) Probability of loss is unknown or undefined
(iii)Cannot be insured through third party insurers

(1d)
Identification of Risks
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

(3)
(i)House Purchase Endowment: It is a type of life insurance policy wherein the premiums are invested in a mixture of stocks and shares to grow into a lump sum amount. This amount is then used to repay the mortgage of a policyholder’s house when the policy matures. It guarantees the policyholder’s mortgage payment and provides a life insurance cover to ensure that the dependents or beneficiaries are financially stable in case of the policyholder’s death.

(ii)Children Education Endowment: It is a type of life insurance policy that enables the policyholder to accumulate funds over a specific period for their child’s future education. The policy provides a lump sum amount upon maturity that can be used to finance the child’s education expenses.

(iii)Pure Endowment: It is a type of life insurance policy where the policyholder pays a fixed amount of premium for a specific period. In case the policyholder survives the policy term, he/she is entitled to receive a lump sum amount that is equal to the premium paid along with a bonus. However, if the policyholder dies during the policy term, the beneficiaries receive the death benefit.

(iv)Group Term Assurance: It is a type of life insurance policy that covers a group of people for a specific period. It is usually provided by an employer to their employees. The policy provides a lump sum amount to the beneficiaries in case of the death of the insured employee during the policy term.

(v)Group Life Assurance: It is a type of life insurance policy that offers life insurance coverage to a group of individuals. It is typically offered by employers to their employees as part of their employee benefits package. The policy pays a pre-determined lump sum amount to the beneficiaries upon the death of the insured individual during the policy term.
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

(4a)
(i)Role: A loss adjuster works for the insurer to assess and investigate claims and determine the amount of compensation payable to the insured, while a loss assessor works for the policyholder to assess the damage and negotiate with the insurer for a fair settlement.

(ii)Responsibility: A loss adjuster is responsible for managing the claims process and ensuring compliance with the insurance policy, whereas a loss assessor is responsible for facilitating the claims process and advocating for the policyholder’s interests.

(iii)Expertise: A loss adjuster typically has expertise in insurance and claims management, while a loss assessor has expertise in assessing damage, estimating repair costs, and negotiating settlements.

(iv)Payment: A loss adjuster is paid by the insurer and may receive a commission on the settlement amount, while a loss assessor is paid by the policyholder and may receive a percentage of the settlement amount or a fixed fee for their services.

(4b)
(i)Promoting Economic Growth: Insurance companies provide protection against risks that businesses face, such as liability claims, theft, and damage to property. By doing so, insurance reduces the financial burden on businesses and allows them to focus on their core operations. This, in turn, encourages entrepreneurship, innovation, and investment, which can lead to economic growth and development.

(ii)Encouraging Risk Management: Insurance encourages policyholders to adopt risk management practices to reduce the likelihood of claims. For instance, an insurance policy for a property may require that the owner install smoke detectors or a security system to minimize the risk of loss. By encouraging policyholders to manage risks, insurance companies can reduce the probability and severity of claims, which helps to keep premiums affordable.

(iii)Payment of Claims: When policyholders suffer losses, insurance companies pay out claims promptly and efficiently, allowing policyholders to recover financially from adverse events. This may include providing financial support for medical expenses, property damage, or lost income. The prompt payment of claims enables policyholders to return to normal life or business operations faster than would otherwise be possible, which can help to reduce the overall economic impact of a loss.
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

(5a)
An underwriter is an individual or a company that evaluates and assesses the risk associated with insuring a person property or event. They are responsible for determining the terms and conditions of insurance policies and calculating the premium that should be charged based on the level of risk involved.

(5b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Age
(ii) Gender
(iii) Health condition
(iv) Smoking habits
(v) Occupation
(vi) Lifestyle choices
(vii) Coverage amount and policy type

(5c)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Surrender of the policy: If the policyholder decides to surrender the policy before it matures some insurers may offer a full return of premium.
(ii) Survival benefit: Certain insurance policies offer maturity benefits where the policyholder receives the total premiums paid if they survive until the end of the policy term.
(iii) No claims made: In certain types of policies if the policyholder does not make any claims during the policy term they may be eligible for a total return of premium.
(iv) Policy cancellation: If the insurer cancels the policy due to their own reasons they may provide a full return of premium amount.
(v) A money-back policy: Some insurance plans such as money-back policies provide periodic returns of a certain percentage of the premiums paid during specific intervals of the policy term.
(vi) Policy rider benefits: Certain riders or additional benefits attached to the main policy may offer a return of premium under particular circumstances such as critical illness or disability.
(vii) Policy terms and conditions: Specific terms and conditions stated in the insurance policy may allow for a total return of premium in certain situations or as specified in the contractual agreement.

(5d)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Age and driving experience: Younger and inexperienced drivers typically pay higher premiums due to the higher likelihood of accidents and claims.
(ii) Driving history: A record of past accidents traffic violations or claims can result in higher premiums as it indicates a higher risk of future incidents.
(iii) Type of vehicle: The make model and year of the car can impact the premium. Sports cars and luxury vehicles may have higher premiums due to their higher repair costs.
(iv) Location: Insurance premiums can vary based on the location where the car is primarily parked or driven. Higher crime rates or accident rates in the area may result in higher premiums.
(v) Usage and mileage: The estimated annual mileage and purpose of the vehicle (e.g personal use commercial use) can influence the premium. Higher mileage or commercial use may lead to increased risk and higher premiums.

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

(6a)
Personal accident insurance is a type of insurance coverage that provides financial protection in the event of an accident that results in bodily injury disability or death. It is specifically designed to offer you and your dependents financial support during such unforeseen situations.

(6b)
(PICK ANY SEVEN)
(i) Accidental Death Benefit: In the unfortunate event of your death due to an accident your family will be provided with a lump sum payout as per the policy terms.
(ii) Permanent Disability Benefit: If the accident causes permanent disability the policy will cover a certain percentage of the insured amount offering financial assistance for the long term.
(iii) Temporary Total Disability Benefit: If the injuries caused by the accident temporarily prevent you from working the policy may offer a weekly or monthly income replacement until you can resume work.
(iv) Medical Expenses Coverage: Personal accident insurance typically covers any necessary medical expenses resulting from an accident including hospitalization surgeries treatments and medications.
(v) Ambulance Charges: The policy may cover ambulance charges incurred while transporting you to the hospital following an accident.
(vi) Rehabilitation Support: In case of long-term disability the insurance policy may provide financial support for rehabilitation treatments physiotherapy and other necessary therapies.
(vii) Education Support: If you’re a student personal accident insurance may provide financial assistance for your education in case the accident leads to permanent disability or death of the insured.
(viii) Accidental Fracture Coverage: Some policies offer specific coverage for fractures caused by accidents offering a lump sum payout for the treatment costs.
(ix) Coverage for Disability Enhancements: Personal accident insurance policies often provide additional benefits for specific types of disabilities such as loss of limb loss of eyesight loss of hearing etc.
(x) Worldwide Coverage: Many personal accident insurance policies provide coverage for accidents that occur anywhere in the world ensuring you are protected even when you travel.

(6c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Individual Personal Accident Insurance
(ii) Group Personal Accident Insurance
(iii) Travel Personal Accident Insurance
(iv) Student Personal Accident Insurance
(v) Daily Cash Personal Accident Insurance

EXPLANATION
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Individual Personal Accident Insurance: This form of insurance provides coverage to an individual policyholder. It offers financial protection in case of personal injury disability or death caused by an accident.
(ii) Group Personal Accident Insurance: This form of insurance is designed to cover a group of people such as employees of a company or members of an organization. It offers benefits similar to individual personal accident insurance but on a group scale. It can be more cost-effective and easier to administer for employers or organizations.
(iii) Travel Personal Accident Insurance: This type of insurance specifically covers accidents that occur during travel both domestically and internationally. It provides medical expenses coverage emergency medical evacuation trip cancellation and other related benefits.
(iv) Student Personal Accident Insurance: This variant is designed to provide protection to students against accidents that may occur on or off campus. It offers coverage for medical expenses disability education support and more.
(v) Family Personal Accident Insurance: This form of insurance covers the entire family against accidental injuries. It provides benefits for accidental death permanent disability medical expenses and other related expenses.
(vi) Daily Cash Personal Accident Insurance: This type of insurance provides a daily cash benefit while you are hospitalized due to an accident. It helps cover any loss of income during the hospitalization period.
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

(7a)
(i)Ownership: A person who owns a property, such as a house or a vehicle, automatically has an insurable interest in it. This interest arises from the financial value attached to the property, which may be lost or destroyed in case of an adverse event.

(ii)Mortgage: Anyone who has taken a mortgage loan to purchase a property has an insurable interest in it. In this case, the lender has the right to ensure the property to protect its financial interest in the loan.

(iii)Employment: An employer has an insurable interest in an employee who provides a substantial contribution to their business operations. This interest arises from the loss of revenue or other adverse effects the employer may experience if the employee falls ill or dies suddenly.

(iv)Legal Liability: If a person is legally liable for any damage or loss arising from an event, they have an insurable interest in the liability itself. For instance, a healthcare organization that may face lawsuits due to medical malpractice by its employees has an insurable interest in such liability.

(7b)
(i)Purchase of Assets: Insurable interest can be created when a person has acquired ownership or has a legal interest in an asset, such as a house, car, or business equipment. The individual has a financial interest in the asset and can purchase an insurance policy to protect it against damage, theft, or loss.

(ii)Business Transactions: Insurable interest can also be created through business transactions such as leasing, supply contracts, and joint ventures. In these cases, a business has an insurable interest in the assets they have leased or the goods they have supplied because any damage or loss will negatively impact their business operations.

(iii)Personal Relationships: Insurable interest can also arise from personal relationships that carry a financial interest. For example, spouses have an insurable interest in each other’s lives because the death of one spouse could result in a financial loss to the surviving spouse. Similarly, parents have an insurable interest in their children’s lives because they depend on them for support and may incur expenses arising from their education, healthcare, or other needs.
(7c)
(i)Insured: The person or entity that requires insurance coverage for their insurable interests.

(ii)Insurer: The company that provides the insurance coverage to the insured party.

(iii)Beneficiary: The individual or entity that will receive the insurance benefits in case of an insured event, such as death, accident, or loss of property.

(iv)Policyholder: The individual or entity that purchases the insurance policy on behalf of the insured party.